The Representation Of Black Men And Women By Angela Davis...

While the representation of Black men and women is one that throughout the years has not often been given thought to by people outside of the Black community, in the Moynihan Report and essays and speeches by both Angela Davis and Malcolm X, we see how the representation of Black people has for years been detrimental to the progression of the Black community. Through careful analysis of several different texts, I will highlight the ways in which Black people have through the oppressive forces of negative representation been seen as inferior to their white counterparts and been held back because of those very same forces. The Moynihan Report, released in 1965, was a report that discussed the nature of the Black family and how the degradation of it stemmed from a lack of father figures and poor parenting by Black women. The Moynihan report specifically blames what it calls the â€Å"deterioration of the Negro family† solely upon the backs of Black women. The report moves through a racist, patriarchal framework that uses inaccurate data to paint Black families and parents as though they are incapable of stability and building their children into productive members of society. Although the report slightly references historical oppression and its effect on the African American family, it does not state the injustices done to Black people nor does it attempt to connect how they continually plague Black family structures. When it does reference them, it is only in relation to how BlackShow MoreRelated Black Women in Rap Essay6410 Words   |  26 PagesBack That Ass Up: A Discussion of Black Women in Rap †¦You can put it in your mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth And you could just eat me out What do ya choose to lick? You could eat me out Pussy or dick? Within the booming business that has become the rap world, certain musical themes and issues are more prevalent than most. In addition to such topics as drugs, alcohol and police brutality, a dominant theme within rap music is the denigrationRead MoreBlack Feminism : A Profound Effect On Society s History3616 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equalityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAllida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual

Pharmacology in Nursing Chronic Pulmonary Disorder

Question: Write about thePharmacology in Nursing for Chronic Pulmonary Disorder. Answer: Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disorder that causes the bronchi to be inflamed, reacting excessively to certain factors.Asthma manifests itself in seizures (respiratory discomfort, shortness of breath, dry cough, whistling). Atrial fibrillation is a heart disease that accelerates the heart rhythm and causes it to beat irregularly. It is caused by certain pre-existing cardiac disorders, hormonal or renal diseases, obesity, and diabetes. Osteoarthritis is a chronic attack of the joints leading to the destruction of the cartilage. Rheumatism is a disease that affects the locomotor apparatus, bones, joints, muscles and tendons. Indications and Actions of Prescribed Medication Metronidazole 500mg TDS The Metronidazole is an antibiotic and anti-parasitic belonging to the nitroimidazoles. It disrupts the synthesis of nucleic acids and is used for the treatment of infections related to anaerobic bacteria as well as protozoa. It is effective against protozoan Giardia intestinal, Entamoeba histolytica and Trichomonas vaginalis, bacteria of the genus Clostridium, Helicobacter pylori, and Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli such as Bacteroides, Prevotella and in the treatment of Pseudomonas colitis (Katzung, 2014). Paracetamol 1000mg qid The paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a chemical compound used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is indicated for the treatment of symptoms of low to moderate intensity, alone or in combination with other analgesics, especially opioids, and is very popular because it has fewer contraindications than other analgesics. Its mechanism is still little known; Indeed, it reduces fever, but not by the same mechanism as the aspirin or ibuprofen that act on inflammation. Salbutamol 2 puffs prn The salbutamol is an agonist of 2 -adrenergic therefore bronchodilator short duration of action used in the relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The salbutamol sulfate is usually given as inhaled to get a direct effect on the smooth muscle of the bronchi. For this, it can be administered in the form of a solution using a nebulizer, or a metered dose inhaler and also in powder form via various inhalation devices. Amiodarone 200mg daily The amiodarone is a medicament antiarrhythmic class III according to Vaughan-Williams classification. It is used in the treatment of many cardiac rhythm disorders, in particular, supraventricular disorders and with an antianginal objective. It is often the most effective antiarrhythmic, but its use is limited by its long-term side effects (Goodman et al., 2011). Aspirin 300mg daily The acetylsalicylic acid, better known under the trade name of aspirin is the active ingredient in many medicines properties analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory. It is also used as an anti-platelet aggregating agent. It is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. It is a weak acid whose conjugate base is the acetylsalicylate anion. Ibuprofen 200mg The ibuprofen is the international nonproprietary name of alpha-methyl- [4- (2-methylpropyl) phenyl] propanoic acid. It is the active ingredient of a medicament NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory) used to relieve symptoms of arthritis, of dysmenorrhea primary, the pyrexia; and as an analgesic, especially in the case of inflammation. Drug Interactions Metronidazole Drug Interactions Metronidazole may cause an anti-abuse effect: association with alcohol should be avoided as it may cause disulfiram-like reaction. Metronidazole potentiates the action of anti- vitamins K and therefore increases the hemorrhagic risk. May increase lithium levels. Its drug to food and herbal interaction are unknown. Paracetamol Drug interactions Oral Anticoagulant: Paracetamol, used at doses greater than 3 g per day for more than four consecutive days, may potentiate the anticoagulant activity of Anti-Vitamin K (AVK) 65. Sections: a competition exists between paracetamol and ondansetron, in particular, decreasing the analgesic efficacy of paracetamol. There is no reported dietary interaction for paracetamol. Salbutamol Drug interactions Has no established drug interactions but in high doses may cause hypokalemia especially in renal impaired patients and patients on xanthine derivative and some diuretics. Drug to food and herbal interactions are unknown. Amiodarone Drug interactions It increases the blood concentration in digoxin and potentiates the action of Coumadin, requiring the adaptation of doses 4. The association with other molecules extending the interval QT on the electrocardiogram increases the risk of occurrence of torsades peak, the rhythmic disorder that can result in discomfort or syncope. Because of its interaction with cytochrome P450, it alters the metabolism of several other drugs (Rang et al., 2016). In particular, it increases the risk of muscle damage in concomitant use with simvastatin 1. Its food and herbal interactions are not well established. Aspirin Drug Interactions Aspirin has drug-drug interactions with warfarin, corticosteroids, acetazolamide, valproic acid, methotrexate and herbal drugs e.g. Ginkgo biloba. Aspirin reduces the action of warfarin by inhibiting platelet aggregation. Drug to food interaction has not been fully established. Ibuprofen Drug Interactions Photosensitivity- upon exposure to UV type A, ibuprofen can cause photosensitivity by photochemical reactions leading to sunburn. Drug to food and herbal interactions are unknown. Patient Medication Management Angela should be advised to take all the drugs as prescribed to enhance the success of treatment plan. Most patients tend to stop taking medicines when they feel better an act that may result in disease exacerbations. She should ensure her drugs are safely kept away from children or any factor that may destroy the medicines. Keeping the medicine away from contamination will ensure that she take the high-quality drugs and which are safe. She should be advised to see a healthcare provider immediately should she develop adverse drug reactions to the prescribed drugs. Different patients are hypersensitive to various drugs, and this can only be ascertained only after using the particular drug for some time. Examples of hypersensitive drug reactions include irritation, itching pruritus among others (Adams et al, 2011). Angela should be educated on how to accurately use the drug delivery devices she may require e.g. the metered dose inhaler. This is done by clearly demonstrating to the patient how to coordinate inhalation and actuation. This will be of great help if the symptoms appear so she may do self-medication especially with salbutamol. Some devices are not automated and therefore patient input to coordinate actuation and inhalation is needed to ensure the inhalational drugs e.g. salbutamol reach their site of action. References Katzung, B. G. (2014). Basic clinical pharmacology. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill. Neely, Sherry, Lehne, Richard A. (2007) Study guide, Pharmacology for nursing care, sixth edition [by] Richard A. Lehne /St. Louis, Mo. Saunders Elsevier. Rang, H. P., Flower, R. J. 1, Henderson, G., Ritter, J. (2016). Rang Dale's pharmacology (Eighth edition.). [Edinburgh?]: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. Goodman, L. S., Brunton, L. L., Chabner, B., Knollmann, B. C. (2011). Goodman Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Karch, A. M. (2007). Focus on nursing pharmacology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Barber, P., Robertson, D. (2012). Essentials of pharmacology for nurses. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Adams, M., Holland, L. N., Urban, C. Q. (2011). Pharmacology for Nurses: A pathophysiologic approach. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education. Melnyk, B. M., Fineout-Overholt, E. (2015). Evidence-based practice in nursing and healthcare: A guide to best practice (Third edition.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health. McKenry, L. M., Salerno, E. (2013). Mosby's pharmacology in nursing. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby. Lehne, R. A. (2014). Pharmacology for nursing care. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders.

The Cost Of Buying A Used Car Essay Example For Students

The Cost Of Buying A Used Car Essay The Cost Of Buying A Used CarThis project has been put together to show the cost of buying and usinga used car for one year. To show the different costs for cars I have made achart on a later page. First, though, It probably would be good to tell alittle about used cars. Used cars are, for some, a good investment. The used car is good forcheap transportation, and fun. Used cars also have many different uses besidesjust driving around. Some people buy used cars so they can restore them, whileother people buy used cars for their children to drive. While still others getused cars for spare parts. The point is that used cars are good for manydifferent people, for many different reasons. Some people like to own new cars and so they get rid of their old carsto make room for the new car. This proves very useful for the person thatcannot afford a new car. Unfortunately, the used car is rarely in perfectcondition, and can sometimes require some minor repair. Of course, one cantexpect to find a great used car that does not cost more then a car in worsecondition, but this is to be expected. When one goes to buy a used car they should look for some key things,before buying the car:1. Check the cars interior thoroughly. Was the car kept clean all thistime or was it neglected? Is it up to what would be par?2. Get an unbiased mechanic to look at the engine and look over theentire car. Do they think that it is in good driving condition? Do you think itis in good driving condition?3. Look at the cars paint job. Is it what you would want? are thereany rust spots, dings, or scratches?4. Finally one must ask themself if the total car is what they wanted. If there is any doubt then they might want to rethink whether they really wantthis car. The chart below is a comparison of five cars each with a different setof options, price, and look. MakePriceOptions 1986 Ford Taurus Wagon$ 3,500AC, AM/FM Cassette, PS 1969 VW Bug $ 2,000Convertible, AM/FM Stereo, Dual Exhaust 1965 Pontiac GTO$ 8,500Convertible, 4speed, PB,PS,New Top 1979 Mercedes-benz450slc $11,000Garaged,51,000 mi. sunroof, AC, V8 1975 Ford Maverick$700New Valve job,3-speed Manual, Steel WheelsAm-Fm CassetteAs one can see from the chart above you cannot always judge a car fromits price. Now it is time to calculate the price of using the car for one yearusing set values for gas and insurance. The average gas consumption for these cars should be about three tanksof gas every two weeks. At 52 weeks a year we get 78 tanks of gas a year. Thenwe need to multiply by the amount it costs for a tank of gas. In our case thatgas is about $13.00 a tank. That comes to about $1014 dollars a year on gas. Then we add about thirty dollars more for oil changes. Our total comesto about $ 1044 dollars. Now that the gas has been figured we add that to theprice of the five cars. + $1044Ford Wagon:$ 4544VW Bug:$ 3044Pontiac GTO:$ 9544Mercedes-Benz:$12,044Ford Maverick:$ 1744Next we add our average teenage driving insurance to the cost. + $1600Ford Wagon:$ 6144VW Bug:$ 4644Pontiac GTO:$11,144Mercedes-Benz:$13,644Ford Maverick:$ 3344One can see the price of buying and using any car for one year is fairlyexpensive, although these figures would vary from person to person. .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 , .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .postImageUrl , .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 , .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:hover , .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:visited , .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:active { border:0!important; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:active , .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56 .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u80a9f9ddd53d6934613a8d50dd3f7e56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catholic Church Experience EssayThe purchase of a good used car would greatly benefit someone that needsa car. The used car is inexpensive and is a good deal for the buyer and sellerof the car. if a person wants a used car, and looks for the best deal, then theycan certainly find one. Business

Thomas Jefferson Persuasive Essay Example For Students

Thomas Jefferson Persuasive Essay The title of the book that I read is Thomas Jefferson by Norman K. Risjord. This book was published in 1994. The biography I read was Thomas Jefferson and it was very enlightening and informative. The story began in Shadwell, Virginia where Thomas Jefferson was born in 1743 and raised until he was approximately 18. Thomas Jeffersons parents were well off, but his father died when Thomas was 14. When Jefferson was 17 years old, he got permission to attend the College of William and Mary. Thomas Jefferson did many things in his long life. Jefferson created the many different reforms. Jefferson spent a lot of his time at his home in Monticello with his wife and kids. Jefferson had books compiled on his notes of his home and its surroundings also. Jefferson was also part of congress and a diplomatic minister to France. Jefferson also compiled many things such as the ordinance of government for the Northwest Territory and the Declaration of Independence. After Thomas Jefferson had accomplished all this and seen so many things he was our president. There were many people who were significant in T homas Jeffersons life throughout the book. Here were a few people that were important people to Thomas Jefferson. Dr. William Small, Richard Henry Lee, John and Abigail Adams, Paul Rapin, George Washington, Patrick Henry, Alexander Hamilton, Count Buffon, James Madison, and John Fenno. These were some of the main characters throughout the story. There were also many teachers, authors, family and friends that were characters in the book. Some thought that Sally Hemmings was a main character in the book, but she was only mentioned on three brief occasions. The focus of this book is to educate the reader or readers on the hardships and adversity of Thomas Jeffersons life. It showed the many accomplishments that Jefferson had throughout his life. Norman K. Risjord described the outcome of the book in a very positive way. It seems almost that Norman K. Risjord admired and looked up to Thomas Jefferson and his life. Portraying the book in a positive way is only way one can describe things such as free, self-governed country, and a unified nation. I believe that Norman Risjords intent for having written this book was to acquaint the general reader with the man and his times. I think that Norman Risjord wanted us to know how Jeffersons genius ideas, many reforms, and accomplishments impacted the people and our nation then and now. I think the author seems quite a bit sympathetic to Thomas Jefferson. I think it expanded greatly on Thomas Jeffersons great qualities and only briefly stated any bad qualities he may have possessed, such as, speaking in public, Sally Hemmings and his slave ownership. Risjord willingly explains his wonderful writings like the Tea Act Reform (page 22) and the Declaration of Independence. (page 28-32) Even though Norman Risjord may have been somewhat sympathetic to Thomas Jefferson, I feel in no way was Norman Risjord apologetic towards Jefferson. Norman Risjord did and excellent job of stating the true facts about Thomas Jefferson without see ming apologetic or critical at any time. I feel that most of the time the book was a very fair and balanced appraisal of Thomas Jefferson. We will write a custom essay on Thomas Jefferson Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now During this time period of this book, Jefferson and most all of the other main characters were faced with several hardships. The characters were, in one way or another, an integral part of putting America together. Jefferson was faced with several problems during that time. He and the other characters were faced with uneasiness of no knowing what would have been best for America. They were all experimenting with many new and different ideas of what might form the best America. The Louisiana Purchase is a good example of one of the problems during their time. In the long run this purchase turned out to be a good thing for our country, but at the time James Monroe had no idea how much land he actually obtained for the large sum of money he paid. (page 146-147)Another difficulty Jefferson faced was obtaining the trust of other people. John Randolph of Roanoke began having negative views of President Jefferson. He did not trust

Free Essays on Grahams Power And Glory

Grahams Power and Glory: Where did it come from? Graham Green was born in 1904 and lived until 1991. Greene was not a happy child; he was mocked and ridiculed by classmates at a very young age. After many suicide attempts Greene left home for hopes of happiness. (Greenland) Greene eventually married Vivien Dayrell-Browning in 1927 and the two had two children, one boy and one girl. Greene was not much a family man. He traveled most of his life leaving no time for family at home. He admits to having over forty seven prostitutes along his travels. He and his wife later separated, but never divorced. (Liukkonen) Going back a little in time during Greene’s years at college Greene published many poems and articles in the Oxford Outlook and in the Weekly Westminster Gazette. From there Greene went on to write 24 novels, eight plays and numerous short stories. Not to forget the films he worked on, including The Third Man, known today as one of the most amazing films ever. (Liukkonen) As all writers, there are people who love every piece written and critics who find something wrong with every piece published by an author. Graham caused quite the uproar with his most famous novel The Power and the Glory. Cardinal Giuseppi Pizzardo had condemned The Power and the Glory for being "paradoxical," (seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true) and the British churchman actually demanded that Greene make changes in the text. (Welborn ) Evelyn Waugh, a dear friend of Greene, said "It was as fatuous as unjust a vile misreading of a noble book", about the Cardinal’s comments. The novel was also condemned by the Vatican in 1953, but the matter was dropped when Greene insisted the fight was not with him, but with the publishers of the book. He figured if it were not a book that was proper enough to publish they would have never published the book. The Matter was then dropped. (Ways of Escape pg. 65-68) So where did... Free Essays on Grahams Power And Glory Free Essays on Grahams Power And Glory Grahams Power and Glory: Where did it come from? Graham Green was born in 1904 and lived until 1991. Greene was not a happy child; he was mocked and ridiculed by classmates at a very young age. After many suicide attempts Greene left home for hopes of happiness. (Greenland) Greene eventually married Vivien Dayrell-Browning in 1927 and the two had two children, one boy and one girl. Greene was not much a family man. He traveled most of his life leaving no time for family at home. He admits to having over forty seven prostitutes along his travels. He and his wife later separated, but never divorced. (Liukkonen) Going back a little in time during Greene’s years at college Greene published many poems and articles in the Oxford Outlook and in the Weekly Westminster Gazette. From there Greene went on to write 24 novels, eight plays and numerous short stories. Not to forget the films he worked on, including The Third Man, known today as one of the most amazing films ever. (Liukkonen) As all writers, there are people who love every piece written and critics who find something wrong with every piece published by an author. Graham caused quite the uproar with his most famous novel The Power and the Glory. Cardinal Giuseppi Pizzardo had condemned The Power and the Glory for being "paradoxical," (seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true) and the British churchman actually demanded that Greene make changes in the text. (Welborn ) Evelyn Waugh, a dear friend of Greene, said "It was as fatuous as unjust a vile misreading of a noble book", about the Cardinal’s comments. The novel was also condemned by the Vatican in 1953, but the matter was dropped when Greene insisted the fight was not with him, but with the publishers of the book. He figured if it were not a book that was proper enough to publish they would have never published the book. The Matter was then dropped. (Ways of Escape pg. 65-68) So where did...

Global Marketing in Albania Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Marketing in Albania - Assignment Example This research will begin with the population and demographics of Albania. As of July 2014, the population of Albania is 3,020,209, of which 19.3 percent belongs to 0 to 14 age groups, 19.2 percent belongs to 15- to 24 age group, 19.2 percent belongs to 25 to 54 age group, 10.5 percent to 55 belongs to 64 age group and 11.1 percent belongs to 65 years and over age group. Population growth rate is 0.3 % whereas birthrate is 12.73 births per 1000 population. Knowing about the population, the demographics, the trends and related statistics of a specific country or region is critically important while planning for marketing of certain goods or services to that market mainly to design and develop the marketing strategies by considering customer requirements and preferences. Albania is a small mountainous country with a long Adriatic coastline. The country has a Muslim majority. Basically, Albanians are divided into two, the Northern Albanians or Ghegs, and the Southern Albanians or general ly termed as Tosks. Shkumbin River plays a significant role in dividing the southern and northern Albanians. According to Albania’s official figures, Muslims are 59 percent of the Albanian population, Catholic amounts to 10 percent of Albania’s population and Orthodox Christian below 10 percent. For a global marketer, it is very important to see where the economy stands and how it stays in comparison with other economies either nearby or with those the company proposes to expand its marketing. Albania is ranked 68, in relation to business environment and ease of business. The figure given below shows the ranks of Albania and other comparator economies on the ease of doing business.

Measuring Team Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Measuring Team Performance - Essay Example Reaching the goals means identifying some of the strategies, formal or informal’ (McNamara, 2007b). Therefore, it is apparent that the four major management functions namely planning, leading organizing and controlling are interdependent with a failure/success in one determining the fate of the others. The performance standards that are to be met by the employees are set in the planning process. It is important for the management to understand that all the activities to be performed win the organization need to have their predefined standards (Erven, n.d). It is thus the role of the management to ensure that the employees are conforming to the laid down standards. McNamara (2007b) observed that the evaluation and review of performance ‘provides an opportunity for the supervisors and the employees to regularly communicate about goals’. The managers need to understand that ‘lowering the standards to what has been attained is not a solution to performance problems. On the other hand, a manager does need to the standards when they are fund to be unattainable due to resource limitation and factors external to the business’ (Erven, n.d). As such, the controlling process helps to identify the possible problems that may arise to deter the organization’s pr ogress. Since the controlling process is aimed at identifying how employees conform to the standards, the required steps are taken depending on the outcome. If the performance by the employees is established to be substandard, ‘then preventive action must be taken to ensure that the problem does not recur. If performance is greater than or equal to standards, [then] it is useful to reinforce behaviors that led to the acceptable standards’ (Erven, n.d). Thus, controlling, as a management function is analogous to quality control in a production company. As McNamara (2007b) described, quality control involves ‘specifying a performance standard, monitoring